A common herbal extract available in health food stores could potentially enhance the ability of antibiotics to kill the bacteria that cause 90 percent of infections in the bladder and can greatly reduce recurrence of urinary tract infections, according to a new study published the results online April 8, 2007, in the journal Nature Medicine.
One of the problems with urinary tract infections is that the infections may return after treatments with antibiotics due to the fact that cells lining the ladder may shield the bacteria from being killed by antibiotics.
In the study conducted in mice, researchers at Duke University Medical Center conducted a series of experiments and found that urinary tract infections can return and also forskalin can force out 75 percent of bacteria hosted in the cells.
Forskalin is an extract from the Indian coleus plant. And it has been found in early studies that it can be used as a vasodilator, weight loss aid, a supplement to fight against glaucoma in addition to reduction of urinary tract infections and enhancement of the ability of antibiotics to kill bacteria that normally survive, according to wikipedia.
Urinary tract infections in the bladders infect women four times as often as men and about 90 percent of the cases are caused by E. coli bacteria. Many infections return just weeks after antibiotic treatment.
Duke University microbiologist Soman Abraham, Ph.D. and colleagues explained that the lining of the bladder is a highly impenetrable surface that enables the bladder to stretch to hold urine. But when infected, the pouches can create tiny niches for E. coli to slip into and hide.
"After customary antibiotic treatment, the vast majority of the bacteria are either killed by the antibiotics or eliminated during urination," Abraham said. "However, there are small numbers of bacteria that survive antibiotic treatment because they sneak into the lining of the bladder, waiting for the opportunity, after antibiotic treatment, to come out and start multiplying again."
The study supported by the National Institutes of Health found that forskalin has the ability to force the bacteria out of their niches and into the urine, where they can be killed by antibiotics.
What forskalin does is that it heightens cellular activity in the bladder, which causes the specialized pouches to flush out the content, in the case of study, the hiding E. coli.
"This herb has been used in Asia for centuries for a wide variety of ailments," Abraham said. "However, one of its constant uses has been for treating painful urination."
But herbal extracts such as forskalin are not tested nor approved by the government for any medical application. Because of this, Abraham recommends patients talk to their physicians before taking forskalin.
Physicians may or may not know that forskalin can help urinary tract infections, commented by a scientist affiliated with foodconsumer.org, meaning that application of this herb preparation could be limited for now until human trials in humans are conducted and its use is recommended by medical authorities.
For the study, the researchers injected forskalin alone directly into the bladder. The herbal treatment could get rid of more than 75 percent of the hiding E. coli, the researchers found.
However, it is unknown that any other means of delivery could be as effective. And the researchers planned to continue their research to see if oral administration could be effective and how it could help antibiotics treat urinary tract infections.
"This type of treatment strategy may prove to be beneficial for patients with recurrent urinary tract infections," Abraham said. "Ideally, use of this herb would expel the bacteria, where it would then be hit with antibiotics. With the reservoir of hiding bacteria cleared out, the infection should not recur."
The findings are significant as use of antibiotics to treat urinary tract infections has many drawbacks including high expense, possible liver and kidney damage and the potential for creating drug resistant bacteria.
The following is cited from http://kidney.niddk.nih.gov/kudiseases/pubs/uti_ez/
What I need to know about Urinary Tract Infections
On this page:
What is a urinary tract infection (UTI)?
What causes a UTI?
When should I see my doctor?
What will happen at the doctor's office?
How are UTIs treated?
Will UTIs come back?
How can I keep from getting more UTIs?
Hope Through Research
UTI Glossary
For More Information
Acknowledgments
What is a urinary tract infection (UTI)?
A UTI is an infection anywhere in the urinary tract.* Your urinary tract includes the organs that collect and store urine and release it from your body. They are the
kidneys
ureters
bladder
urethra
Kidney. Your kidneys collect wastes and extra water from your blood to make urine.
Ureter. The ureters carry the urine from your kidneys to your bladder.
Bladder. Your bladder stores the urine and squeezes it out when full.
Urethra. The urethra carries the urine out of your bladder when you urinate.
Prostate. The prostate adds fluid to semen.
What causes a UTI?
Usually, a UTI is caused by bacteria that can also live in the digestive tract, in the vagina, or around the urethra, which is at the entrance to the urinary tract. Most often these bacteria enter the urethra and travel to the bladder and kidneys. Usually, your body removes the bacteria, and you have no symptoms. However, some people seem to be prone to infection, including women and older people.
Women are more likely to get UTIs than men are.
When should I see my doctor?
You should see your doctor if you have any of these signs or symptoms:
burning feeling when you urinate
frequent or intense urges to urinate, even when you have little urine to pass
pain in your back or lower abdomen
cloudy, dark, bloody, or unusual-smelling urine
fever or chills
Women are more likely to get UTIs than men are. When men get UTIs, however, they're often serious and hard to treat. UTIs can be especially dangerous for older people and pregnant women, as well as for those with diabetes and those who have difficulty urinating.
What will happen at the doctor's office?
The doctor may ask you how much fluid you drink, and if you have pain or a burning feeling when you urinate, or if you have difficulty urinating. Women may be asked about the type of birth control they use. You'll need to urinate into a cup so the urine can be tested. In addition, your doctor may need to take pictures of your kidneys with an x ray or ultrasound and look into your bladder with an instrument called a cystoscope.
Urine tests . Your urine will be checked under a microscope for bacteria and infection-fighting cells. The doctor may order a urine culture. In this test, bacteria from the urine are allowed to grow in a lab dish so the exact type of bacteria can be seen and the precise type of medicine you need can be chosen.
Images . The doctor may use either x rays, sound waves (ultrasound), or CT scan to view your bladder or kidneys. These pictures can show stones, blockage, or swelling.
Cystoscope . The urethra and bladder can be seen from the inside with a cystoscope, which is a thin tube with lenses like a microscope. The tube is inserted into the urinary tract through the urethra.
How are UTIs treated?
Once it is determined that your symptoms have been caused by an infection, your doctor will prescribe an antibiotic. Antibiotics can kill the bacteria causing the infection. The antibiotic prescribed will depend on the type of bacteria found.
For simple infections, you'll be given 3 days of therapy. For more serious infections, you'll be given a prescription for 7 days or longer. Be sure to follow your instructions carefully and completely. If you have any allergies to drugs, be sure your doctor knows what they are.
Will UTIs come back?
Sometimes. Most healthy women don't have repeat infections. However, about one out of every five women who get a UTI will get another one. Some women get three or more UTIs a year. Men frequently get repeat infections. Anyone who has diabetes or a problem that makes it difficult to urinate may get repeat infections.
If you get repeat infections, talk with your doctor about special treatment plans. Your doctor may refer you to a urologist, a doctor who specializes in urinary problems. Your doctor may have you take antibiotics over a longer period to help prevent repeat infections. Some doctors give patients who get frequent UTIs a supply of antibiotics to be taken at the first sign of infection. Make sure you understand what your doctor tells you about taking the antibiotic and do exactly that.
Men may need to take antibiotics for a longer time. Bacteria can hide deep in prostate tissue. Men shouldn't take their spouse's pills and think they will cure the infection. See a doctor for treatment that fits your needs.
How can I keep from getting more UTIs?
Changing some of your daily habits may help you avoid UTIs.
Drink lots of fluid to flush the bacteria from your system. Water is best. Try for 6 to 8 glasses a day.
Drink cranberry juice or take vitamin C. Both increase the acid in your urine so bacteria can't grow easily. Cranberry juice also makes your bladder wall slippery, so bacteria can't stick to it.
Urinate frequently and go when you first feel the urge. Bacteria can grow when urine stays in the bladder too long.
Urinate shortly after sex. This can flush away bacteria that might have entered your urethra during sex.
After using the toilet, always wipe from front to back, especially after a bowel movement.
Wear cotton underwear and loose-fitting clothes so that air can keep the area dry. Avoid tight-fitting jeans and nylon underwear, which trap moisture and can help bacteria grow.
For women, using a diaphragm or spermicide for birth control can lead to UTIs by increasing bacteria growth. If you have trouble with UTIs, consider modifying your birth control method. Unlubricated condoms or spermicidal condoms increase irritation and help bacteria cause symptoms. Consider switching to lubricated condoms without spermicide or using a nonspermicidal lubricant.
Hope Through Research
Scientists supported by the National Institutes of Health are working on a vaccine to help prevent UTIs. The vaccine may be a suppository to place in the vagina or a pill to make the body's infection-fighting cells stronger.
UTI Glossary
antibiotic (AN-tee-by-AH-tik): A medicine that kills bacteria.
bacteria (bak-TEER-ee-uh): Tiny organisms that cause infection or disease.
bladder (BLAD-ur): The balloon-shaped organ inside the pelvis that holds urine.
cystoscope (SIS-toh-scope): A tube-like instrument used to look inside the urethra and bladder.
kidney (KID-nee): One of two bean-shaped organs that filter wastes from the blood. The kidneys are located near the middle of the back. They send urine to the bladder through tubes called ureters.
prostate (PRAH-state): In men, a walnut-shaped gland that surrounds the urethra at the neck of the bladder. The prostate supplies fluid that goes into semen.
suppository (suh-POZ-ih-tor-ee): Solid medicine formed in the shape of a small cone or cylinder to be placed in a body cavity like the vagina or rectum.
ureters (YOOR-uh-turs): Tubes that carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder.
urethra (yoo-REE-thrah): The tube that carries urine from the bladder to the outside of the body.
urinary (YOOR-ih-NEHR-ee) tract: The system that takes wastes from the blood and carries them out of the body in the form of urine. The urinary tract includes the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra.
urologist (yoo-RAH-luh-jist): A doctor who specializes in urinary problems.
For More Information
The National Kidney and Urologic Diseases Information Clearinghouse has a fact sheet, Urinary Tract Infections in Adults, that gives more information about UTIs. The clearinghouse has information about prostate problems and kidney stones as well.
The following organizations also have fact sheets on urinary tract infections.
American Foundation for Urologic Disease
1000 Corporate Boulevard
Suite 410
Linthicum, MD 21090
Phone: 1–800–828–7866 or 410–689–3990
Email: admin@afud.org
Internet: www.afud.org
National Kidney Foundation
30 East 33rd Street
New York, NY 10016
Phone: 1–800–622–9010 or 212–889–2210
Email: info@kidney.org
Internet: www.kidney.org
Acknowledgments
The National Kidney and Urologic Diseases Information Clearinghouse (NKUDIC) would like to thank the following individuals for assisting with scientific and editorial review of this publication.
Anthony J. Schaeffer, M.D., Chair, Department of Urology, Northwestern University Medical School
Betsy Foxman, Ph.D., Associate Professor, Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan
Elaine Tracy, R.N., Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
Thanks also to the Bread for the City free clinic in Washington, DC, for facilitating field-testing of this publication.
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National Kidney and Urologic Diseases Information Clearinghouse
3 Information Way
Bethesda, MD 20892–3580
Email: nkudic@info.niddk.nih.gov
The National Kidney and Urologic Diseases Information Clearinghouse (NKUDIC) is a service of the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK). The NIDDK is part of the National Institutes of Health of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Established in 1987, the Clearinghouse provides information about diseases of the kidneys and urologic system to people with kidney and urologic disorders and to their families, health care professionals, and the public. The NKUDIC answers inquiries, develops and distributes publications, and works closely with professional and patient organizations and Government agencies to coordinate resources about kidney and urologic diseases.
Publications produced by the Clearinghouse are carefully reviewed by both NIDDK scientists and outside experts.
This publication is not copyrighted. The Clearinghouse encourages users of this publication to duplicate and distribute as many copies as desired.
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NIH Publication No. 04–4807 March 2004
